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1 национализированная компания
Banks. Exchanges. Accounting. (Russian-English) > национализированная компания
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2 Gesellschaft
Gesellschaft f 1. GEN association, society (Vereinigung); company, Co.; 2. RECHT company; partnership (Personengesellschaft); (AE) corporation (Kapitalgesellschaft); 3. WIWI company • eine Gesellschaft auf Matrixmanagement umstellen GEN go matrix • eine (Personen-)Gesellschaft gründen GEN form a partnership, set up a partnership, establish a partnership* * *f 1. < Geschäft> association, company (Co.), society; 2. < Recht> Vertragsrecht company; 3. <Vw> company (Co.) ■ eine Gesellschaft auf Matrixmanagement umstellen < Geschäft> go matrix ■ eine Gesellschaft gründen < Geschäft> form a partnership, set up a partnership, establish a partnership* * *Gesellschaft
(Handelsgesellschaft) company, corporation (US), (Teilhaberschaft) partnership firm, [co]partnership, (Vereinigung) society, association, union, fellowship;
• abgewickelte Gesellschaft dissolved company;
• abhängige Gesellschaft controlled (underlying, US) company, subsidiary company (corporation, US);
• angegliederte Gesellschaft associated (related) company (Br.), affiliated corporation (US), affiliate;
• Kapital anlegende Gesellschaft investor company;
• geographisch aufgegliederte Gesellschaft multidivision corporation (US);
• aufgelöste Gesellschaft dissolved company (corporation, US), company wound up, defunct company;
• aufnehmende Gesellschaft (Fusion) absorbing company;
• nicht auf den Betrieb eines Handelsunternehmens ausgerichtete Gesellschaft non-trading company;
• mit zu geringem Eigenkapital ausgestattete Gesellschaft equity-starved company;
• ausländische (auswärtige) Gesellschaft foreign (alien) corporation (US), alien (overseas, Br.) company;
• ausschüttende Gesellschaft dividend-paying company;
• Verlustausgleich beantragende Gesellschaft claimant company;
• befreundete Gesellschaft corresponding company, correspondent;
• im Wandel begriffene Gesellschaft changing society;
• beherrschende Gesellschaft controlling company;
• beklagte Gesellschaft defendant company (corporation);
• aus mehreren Personen bestehende Gesellschaft corporation aggregate (US);
• beteiligte Gesellschaft participating company;
• privatwirtschaftlich betriebene Gesellschaft privately held company;
• nur in Schablonen denkende Gesellschaft punched-card society;
• einbringende Gesellschaft (Fusion) vendor company;
• fortschrittlich eingestellte Gesellschaft forward-looking company;
• handelsgerichtlich eingetragene Gesellschaft registered(incorporated) company (Br.), registered corporation (US);
• nicht im Handelsregister eingetragene Gesellschaft unregistered corporation (US) (company, Br.);
• emittierende Gesellschaft issuing company;
• enteignete Gesellschaft dispossessed (condemned, US) company;
• Gewinnabführungsbeträge entgegennehmende Gesellschaft claimant company;
• neu entstandene Gesellschaft resultant (newly formed) company;
• durch Simultangründung entstandene Gesellschaft non-prospectus company (Br.);
• erlesene Gesellschaft select company;
• im Handelsregister erloschene Gesellschaft defunct company;
• fehlerhaft errichtete Gesellschaft defective company;
• ordnungsgemäß errichtete Gesellschaft de jure corporation (US);
• exklusive Gesellschaft exclusive social circles;
• federführende Gesellschaft pilot company;
• fortbestehende Gesellschaft standing company;
• äußerst freizügige Gesellschaft permissive society;
• fusionierende Gesellschaft merger company, consolidated corporation (US);
• fusionierte Gesellschaft merged company;
• ordnungsgemäß gegründete Gesellschaft de jure corporation (US);
• aus Steuergründen vorübergehend gegründete Gesellschaft collapsible corporation (US);
• für einen besonderen Zweck gegründete Gesellschaft special partnership;
• gut geleitete Gesellschaft well-managed company;
• im Handelsregister gelöschte Gesellschaft defunct company;
• gemeinnützige Gesellschaft nonprofit[-making] (public-serivce) company, benevolent (membership, US, nonprofit, US, public utility) corporation;
• geschlossene Gesellschaft private party (company), club;
• Gewinn abführende Gesellschaft surrendering company;
• halbstaatliche Gesellschaft semigovernmental corporation (US);
• Handel treibende Gesellschaft commercial partnership;
• herrschende Gesellschaft controlling company;
• integrative Gesellschaft integrated society;
• [nicht] konsolidierte Gesellschaft [non-]consolidated company;
• kontrollierende Gesellschaft proprietary (US) (controlling) company;
• konzessionierte Gesellschaft licensed company;
• leoninische Gesellschaft leonine partnership;
• an der Grenze der Rentabilität liegende Gesellschaft marginal company;
• liquidierte Gesellschaft dissolved company;
• mittelständische Gesellschaft middle-class society;
• nachindustrielle Gesellschaft postindustrial society;
• nahe stehende Gesellschaft associated company (Br.), affiliated corporation (US);
• Not leidende Gesellschaft company in default;
• öffentlich-rechtliche Gesellschaft public company (corporation, US);
• privatrechtliche Gesellschaft private corporation (US);
• rechtsfähige Gesellschaft incorporated (registered) company (Br.), corporation de jure (US);
• nicht rechtsfähige Gesellschaft corporation de facto (US), unincorporated (unregistered) company (Br.);
• rückversicherte Gesellschaft reinsured carrier;
• sanierte Gesellschaft reorganized company (corporation) (US), reconstructed company (corporation);
• staatliche Gesellschaft government company;
• stille Gesellschaft dormant (secret, silent, US) partnership;
• stillgelegte Gesellschaft defunct company (Br.);
• effektiv tätige Gesellschaft operating company;
• treuhänderisch tätige Gesellschaft corporation acting as trustee;
• übernehmende Gesellschaft (Fusion) surviving (transferee) company;
• übertragende Gesellschaft (Fusion) transferor company;
• unseriöse Gesellschaft dubious (wildcat) company;
• veräußernde Gesellschaft vendor company;
• verpachtende Gesellschaft lessor company;
• verschachtelte Gesellschaften interrelated companies;
• verstaatlichte Gesellschaft nationalized company;
• vertrauenswürdige Gesellschaft reliable firm;
• vorgeschobene Gesellschaft dummy corporation (US);
• wissensbasierte Gesellschaft knowledge-based society;
• zugelassene Gesellschaft chartered corporation;
• Gesellschaft zur Absatzfinanzierung sales-finance company;
• Gesellschaft, deren Aktien an der Börse gehandelt werden quoted company;
• Gesellschaft in Arbeitnehmerhand employee-owned company;
• Gesellschaft zur Aufbewahrung von Wertgegenständen safe company (US);
• Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA) [etwa] Performing Rights Society (Br.);
• Gesellschaft ohne Ausgrenzung inclusive society;
• Gesellschaft mit öffentlich-rechtlichen Befugnissen quasi-public company (corporation, US);
• Gesellschaft zur Bekämpfung des Wettbewerbs Council of Better Business Bureaus;
• Gesellschaft mit Dividendenbeschränkung limited-dividend corporation (US);
• Gesellschaft zur Erschließung von Baugelände industrial development company, development concern (US);
• Gesellschaft zur Finanzierung der Viehzucht cattle-loan company;
• Gesellschaft zur Finanzierung von Warenkrediten commercial credit company;
• Gesellschaft an der Grenze der Rentabilität marginal company;
• Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH) [etwa] exempt private (limited) company (Br.), a type of close corporation under German law (US), limited liability company, Br., corporation (US);
• Gesellschaft zur Leitung eines öffentlichen Versorgungsbetriebes public service corporation (US);
• Gesellschaft der Luftfrachtagenten society of air cargo agents;
• Gesellschaft mit begrenztem Mitgliederkreis close company (Br.) (corporation, US);
• Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Nachschusspflicht company limited by guarantee (Br.);
• Gesellschaft mit breit gestreutem Produktionsprogramm diversified company (corporation, US);
• Gesellschaft des bürgerlichen Rechts [etwa] partnership at will, non-trading partnership, civil (unlimited) corporation (US);
• Gesellschaft kraft Rechtsscheins partnership by estoppel (Br.);
• Gesellschaft in ausschließlichem Schachtelbesitz wholly-owned corporation (US)
• Gesellschaft auflösen to liquidate a company, to dissolve a business company, to wind up a company (partnership);
• aus einer Gesellschaft austreten to take one’s name off the books, to withdraw from a society;
• einer Gesellschaft als Mitglied beitreten to affiliate o. s. to (with) a society, to enter a society;
• seine Arbeitskraft in eine Gesellschaft einbringen to contribute one’s services to a company;
• Gesellschaft handelsgerichtlich eintragen to register (incorporate) a company;
• in eine Gesellschaft als Teilhaber eintreten to enter a company as partner;
• Gesellschaft errichten to establish a company, to create a corporation (US);
• zwei Gesellschaften fusionieren to unite two companies;
• Gesellschaft gründen to establish a partnership, to incorporate (float, Br., found, form, promote, set up, start) a company, to create a corporation (US);
• Gesellschaft aus den roten Zahlen herausführen to administer a company from red to black (US coll.);
• Gesellschaft nicht verpflichten können to have no power to bind a company;
• Gesellschaft lancieren to promote a company;
• Gesellschaft im Handelsregister löschen [lassen] to withdraw partnership registration;
• jem. Gesellschaft leisten to keep s. o. company;
• Gesellschaft leiten to manage a firm;
• Gesellschaft liquidieren to dissolve a business company (partnership), to liquidate (wind up) a company;
• als Gesellschaft prozessieren to sue in its corporate name;
• Gesellschaft ins Leben rufen to institute a society;
• Finanzen einer Gesellschaft sanieren to rehabilitate a company financially, to reconstruct (reorganize) a company;
• an verschiedenen Gesellschaften beteiligt sein to have holdings in several companies;
• mit 100.000 Dollar an einer Gesellschaft beteiligt sein to have an interest of $ 100,000 in a company;
• Gesellschaft schon vor Zahlung der Steuern in die roten Zahlen treiben to drive a company into the red at the pretax level;
• Gesellschaft übernehmen to take over a company;
• Gesellschaft nur nominell übertragen to transfer a company on paper;
• in eine Gesellschaft umwandeln to form into a company;
• Abend in Gesellschaft verbringen to spend a social evening;
• Gesellschaft verklagen to prosecute a company;
• in eine Gesellschaft aufgenommen werden to be admitted into a company.
umgliedern (umgründen), Gesellschaft
to reorganize a company.
Gesellschaft, deren Aktien an der Börse gehandelt werden
quoted company -
3 компания компани·я
(торговое или промышленное товарищество) company, corporation, partnershipсоздать / учредить компанию — to form a company
авиатранспортная компания — airline, airway, air company
дочерняя компания — associated / branch / daughter / subsidiary company
дутая / фиктивная компания — bogus / bubble company
иностранная компания — nonresident / foreign company
контролирующая / холдинговая компания (владеющая контрольным пакетом акций) — holding company
многонациональная компания, МНК — multinational company / corporation / enterprise
подконтрольная компания — sub-company, subsidiary company
смешанная компания — mixed company / venture
страховая компания — insurance company; (преимущественно по страхованию жизни) assurance company
компания, акции которой принадлежат одному лицу — one-man company
компания, находящаяся под иностранным контролем — foreign controlled company
компания, производящая военную продукцию и космическую технику — defence-space company
компания с ограниченной ответственностью — limited(-liability) / ltd. company
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4 impresa
f ( iniziativa) enterprise, undertaking( azienda) business, firmimpresa familiare family businesspiccola impresa small businessimpresa di servizi pubblici utility company* * *impresa s.f.1 undertaking, enterprise; task; (particolarmente rischiosa) venture: un'impresa ardita, a bold enterprise; un'impresa difficile, a difficult undertaking (o enterprise o task); un'impresa rischiosa, a (risky) venture; un'impresa folle, a mad venture; si accinge a una nuova impresa, he is undertaking something new; imbarcarsi in un'impresa, to embark on an enterprise // è più la spesa che l'impresa, (prov.) it does not pay2 (gesta) exploit; deed; feat: era molto orgoglioso delle sue imprese, he was very proud of his exploits3 (azienda) business, enterprise, firm; concern, undertaking; (società) company, (amer.) corporation; (di modeste dimensioni) outfit: grande impresa, big (o large-scale) enterprise; piccola, media impresa, small, medium concern; impresa agricola, commercial farm; impresa artigiana, handicraft business; impresa a partecipazione statale, state-controlled enterprise; impresa avviata, going concern; impresa commerciale, trading business (o commercial enterprise); impresa di autotrasporti, (amer.) trucking firm; impresa di costruzioni, building contractors (o builders); impresa di servizi pubblici, utility company (o public utility); impresa di trasporti, haulage firm; impresa di vendita per corrispondenza, mail order firm; impresa familiare, family concern (o business); impresa individuale, individual concern (o one-man business o firm o company); impresa industriale, industrial concern; impresa municipalizzata, city-owned enterprise; impresa multinazionale, multinational corporation (o company); impresa nazionalizzata, nationalized company; impresa parastatale, state-controlled enterprise; impresa privata, private enterprise; impresa pubblica, public enterprise; impresa statale, state undertaking, government enterprise; impresa traslochi, removals company // esercizio d'impresa, business activity; reddito d'impresa, business income4 (arald.) device.* * *[im'presa] 1.sostantivo femminile1) (azienda) enterprise, company, firm, business (unit)2) (progetto, attività) enterprise, undertaking2.- e che sono entrate nella leggenda — deeds o feats which have passed into legend
••è un'impresa fargli capire cosa deve fare! — scherz. it's quite a job to make him understand what to do!
* * *impresa/im'presa/I sostantivo f.1 (azienda) enterprise, company, firm, business (unit); libera impresa free enterprise; impresa edile building firm; piccola e media impresa small and medium enterprise; una piccola impresa con 10 dipendenti a small business with a staff of ten; dirigere un'impresa to run a business2 (progetto, attività) enterprise, undertaking; lanciarsi in un'impresa to undertake a ventureII imprese f.pl.è un'impresa fargli capire cosa deve fare! scherz. it's quite a job to make him understand what to do! è un'impresa entrare in città! it's a real performance getting into town! -
5 Staatsunternehmen
Staatsunternehmen n nationalized company; state company -
6 национализированная компания
Economy: nationalized companyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > национализированная компания
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7 verstaatlichte Gesellschaft
verstaatlichte Gesellschaft
nationalized companyBusiness german-english dictionary > verstaatlichte Gesellschaft
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8 DEFA
f; -, kein Pl.; Abk. ( Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft) HIST. nationalized East German film company* * *DEFA f; -, kein pl; abk (Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft) HIST nationalized East German film company -
9 Betrieb
Betrieb m 1. COMP mode; 2. GEN concern, business, workplace, operation (Firma); 3. IND factory, works (Fabrik); operation (von Maschine); 4. PERS place of work, establishment, workplace (Arbeitsstelle) • außer Betrieb GEN out of order, out of action • außer Betrieb sein WIWI be down • außer Betrieb setzen GEN put out of action • Betrieb gründen GEN set up a business, start a (new) business, set up a new business, (infrml) set up shop • im Betrieb IND, PERS on the shop floor • im Betrieb sein GEN be at work • in Betrieb COMP, IND busy (Maschine) • in Betrieb gehen IND go into operation, come on stream • in Betrieb nehmen IND start up • in Betrieb sein IND be on stream, be in operation • in Betrieb setzen IND activate • viel Betrieb haben GEN be very busy* * *m 1. < Comp> mode; 2. < Geschäft> Firma concern, business, workplace, operation; 3. < Ind> Fabrik factory, works, von Maschine operation; 4. < Person> Arbeitsstelle place of work, establishment, workplace ■ außer Betrieb < Geschäft> out of order, out of action ■ außer Betrieb sein <Vw> be down ■ im Betrieb <Ind, Person> on the shop floor ■ im Betrieb sein < Geschäft> be at work ■ in Betrieb <Comp, Ind> Maschine busy ■ in Betrieb gehen < Ind> go into operation, come on stream ■ in Betrieb nehmen < Ind> start up ■ in Betrieb sein < Ind> be on stream, be in operation ■ in Betrieb setzen < Ind> activate* * *Betrieb
(Arbeitsgang) service, (Betreiben) working, running, operating, operation (US), (Betriebsanlage) factory, [manufacturing] plant, works, mill (Br.), (Geschäftsführung) management, (Herstellungsgang) manufacture, (Transport) service, (Unternehmen) firm, business [enterprise], commercial undertaking (establishment), [industrial] concern, company, corporation, (Werkstatt) workshop, shop (Br.);
• außer Betrieb standing idle, out [of commission], (Bahn) out of service (action), (el.) off, (Fahrstuhl) not working, out of order, (Hotel) not opening, (Maschine) out of blast (gear), idle, not operating, (nicht in Ordnung) out of order, disabled, not working, defunct;
• für mehrere Betriebe arbeitend consolidated (US);
• im Betrieb on the shop-floor;
• nicht im Betrieb inoperative, non-operating, (Fabrik) standing;
• im Betrieb stehen gelassen (Gewinn) retained in business;
• in Betrieb operating, operative, in operation, in blast, at work, working, going, running;
• in vollem Betrieb in full working order, in operation (action), going at full blast;
• arbeitender Betrieb going business (concern), operating property (US);
• billig arbeitender Betrieb low-cost plant;
• kostendeckend arbeitender Betrieb break-even company;
• für den Staat arbeitender Betrieb government client;
• bestreikter Betrieb struck shop;
• dezentralisierter Betrieb departmentalized business (factory) (US);
• durcharbeitender Betrieb all-night service, (ganze Woche) seven-day operation;
• durchgehender Betrieb continuous process, continuity of operations;
• Ein-Mann-Betrieb one-man business;
• einschichtiger Betrieb single-shift operation;
• einträglicher Betrieb profitable enterprise;
• an der Baustelle errichteter Betrieb on-site factory;
• erstklassiger Betrieb top plant;
• fahrplanmäßiger Betrieb scheduled operation (US);
• familienfreundlicher Betrieb family-friendly company;
• Fisch verarbeitender Betrieb fish-processing plant;
• forstwirtschaftlicher Betrieb forestry industry (company);
• an Preisabsprachen nicht gebundener Betrieb outsider;
• gefährlicher Betrieb dangerous premises;
• wissenschaftlich geführter Betrieb scientific management;
• gut gehender Betrieb prosperous enterprise;
• gemeinnütziger Betrieb non-profit enterprise, public service company (Br.) (corporation, US);
• gemeinsamer Betrieb joint working;
• genossenschaftlicher Betrieb cooperative enterprise;
• auf Gewinn gerichteter Betrieb profit-seeking enterprise;
• gesundheitsschädlicher Betrieb offensive trade;
• gewerbepolizeipflichtiger Betrieb trade subject to licence;
• gewerblicher Betrieb industrial enterprise, manufacturing establishment;
• gewerkschaftspflichtiger Betrieb closed (union) shop, agency shop (Br.);
• staatlich genehmigter gewerkschaftspflichtiger Betrieb approved closed shop (Br.);
• grafischer Betrieb commercial art company, printing establishment;
• halbautomatischer Betrieb semi-automatic working;
• handwerklicher Betrieb handicraft;
• industrieller Betrieb industrial enterprise;
• kapitalintensiver Betrieb high-cost plant;
• kriegswichtiger Betrieb essential industry;
• landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb agricultural enterprise (undertaking), ranch, farm;
• nicht landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb non-agricultural enterprise (establishment);
• laufender Betrieb going concern, current operation;
• auf Hochturen laufender Betrieb drive;
• reibungslos laufender Betrieb smooth-running entity;
• lebenswichtige Betrieb key industries, (Versorgung) public utilities;
• lebhafter Betrieb brisk state of trade;
• Milch verarbeitender Betrieb milk-processing enterprise;
• mittelgroßer (mittlerer) Betrieb medium-sized enterprise (business, US), small business (US);
• öffentlicher Betrieb public enterprise;
• ökologischer Betrieb organic farm;
• produzierender Betrieb production unit;
• rentabler (rentierlicher) Betrieb profitable enterprise (business), economic operation;
• sparsamer Betrieb economical operation;
• staatlicher (staatseigener) Betrieb state-owned enterprise (US);
• staatlich subventionierter Betrieb taxeater;
• im Gemeineigentum stehender Betrieb publicly-owned enterprise;
• stillgelegter Betrieb non-factory, mill out of work (Br.), nonoperating property (factory) (US);
• störungsfreier Betrieb uninterrupted operation;
• volkseigener Betrieb nationalized (Br.) (socialized) enterprise;
• rationell wirtschaftender Betrieb efficiently-run enterprise;
• wirtschaftlicher Betrieb economic operation;
• Betrieb mit Akkordsystem contract shop (US);
• Betrieb eines Berkwerkes exploitation of a mine;
• Betrieb einer Eisenbahnlinie operation of a railway (railroad, US) line;
• Betrieb mit übertariflicher Gehaltsskala high-paying outsider;
• Betrieb eines Geschäftes operation of a business;
• Betrieb an der Grenze der Rentabilität marginal producer (firm);
• Betrieb der öffentlichen Hand government (state) enterprise;
• Betrieb mit begrenzter Kapazität limited-capacity plant;
• Betrieb eines Ladengeschäfts shopkeeping;
• Betrieb mit geringem Lohnniveau low-wage unit;
• Betrieb mit betriebseigenen Programmierern (Computer) open shop;
• Betrieb eines Schiffes operation of a ship;
• Betrieb mit Staatsaufträgen government contractor;
• Betrieb eines Unternehmens working of a business;
• staatlicher Betrieb von Wirtschaftsunternehmen operation of business;
• Betrieb aufnehmen to begin working, to start running, (Geschäft) to open;
• Betrieb wieder aufnehmen to resume work (one’s activity);
• Betrieb ausdehnen to expand operations;
• Betrieb neu ausstatten to equip a shop with new tools;
• Betrieb zum Erfolg bringen to work up a business;
• ganzen Betrieb kostenmäßig durchforsten to cut costs throughout a company;
• Betrieb einstellen to stop a factory (business), to cease (suspend) operations (working), to shut down, (Bahn) to close a line;
• Betrieb vorübergehend einstellen to close down temporarily;
• Betrieb eröffnen to commence business;
• Betrieb eingestellt haben to have ceased running;
• in Betrieb halten to keep running (working);
• Betrieb aus den roten Zahlen herausbringen to administer a company from red to black (US coll.);
• Betrieb installieren to equip a shop with tools;
• Betrieb anlaufen lassen to put in (go into) operation, to begin working;
• Betrieb Fett ansetzen lassen to beef up a plant (sl.);
• Fabrik in Betrieb setzen lassen to give orders for the work to be started;
• Betrieb leiten to manage a business, (Werk) to run a plant;
• in Betrieb nehmen to set going, to set (put) into operation, to operate;
• automatisch in Betrieb nehmen (el.) to press the button;
• Bus in Betrieb nehmen to put a bus on the road;
• Betrieb schließen to close down;
• Betrieb infolge von Sparsamkeitsmaßnahmen schließen to close its doors for reasons of economy;
• Betrieb vorübergehend schließen to close temporarily;
• außer Betrieb sein (Fabrik) to be out of operation, (Maschine) to run idle, (Rundfunkstation) to be off the air;
• billig im Betrieb sein (Auto) to be run at small cost;
• in Betrieb sein (Bahnlinie) to be in operation (running), (Fabrik) to work, to be in operation, (Maschine) to run, to be operating, to be worked, (Bus) to be on the road, (Rundfunkstation) to be on the air;
• durchgehend in Betrieb sein to run full time;
• das ganze Jahr in Betrieb sein (Auto) to be in commission all the year round;
• nicht in Betrieb sein to be out of work (at a standstill);
• ständig in Betrieb sein to run full time;
• in vollem Betrieb sein to be going at full blast;
• wieder in Betrieb sein (Hotel) to be running (working) again;
• aus dem Betrieb gezogen sein (Auto) to be of service;
• Anlage außer Betrieb setzen to discard an asset;
• Bahnlinie außer Betrieb setzen to close a line;
• in Betrieb setzen to put (set) into operation (action), to start [running (working)], to set to work, to prime;
• wieder in Betrieb setzen to reopen, to restart;
• Eisenbahnstrecke in Betrieb setzen to open a railway line;
• Betrieb stilllegen to close down;
• Betrieb völlig umkrempeln to turn around a company;
• auf elektrischen Betrieb umstellen (Bahn) to electrify;
• Betrieb völlig auf Produkte für den Wohnungs- und Straßenbau umstellen to aim a company at totally environmental products;
• seinen Betrieb vergrößern to enlarge one’s business;
• Betrieb verlagern (verlegen) to move a plant to another locality, to relocate a plant;
• Betrieb in Vorstadtgebiete verlagern to go suburban;
• Betrieb in stark verkleinertem Umfang weiterführen to operate on a drastically reduced scale;
• in Betrieb genommen werden to go into operation, (Bahnlinie, Straße) to be opened to traffic;
• aus dem Betrieb ziehen to take out of service;
• Flugzeug aus dem Betrieb ziehen to ground a plane;
• Bus aus dem Betrieb ziehen to take a bus off the road.
durchforsten, Betrieb
to weed the garden;
• Regierungsstelle zwecks Einsparungen gründlich durchforsten to comb out a government department. -
10 Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 18 January 1888 London, Englandd. 27 January 1989 Stockbridge, Hampshire, England[br]English aeronautical engineer and industrialist.[br]Son of a successful mining engineer, Sopwith did not shine at school and, having been turned down by the Royal Navy as a result, attended an engineering college. His first interest was motor cars and, while still in his teens, he set up a business in London with a friend in order to sell them; he also took part in races and rallies.Sopwith's interest in aviation came initially through ballooning, and in 1906 he purchased his own balloon. Four years later, inspired by the recent flights across the Channel to France and after a joy-ride at Brooklands, he bought an Avis monoplane, followed by a larger biplane, and taught himself to fly. He was awarded the Royal Aero Society's Aviator Certificate No. 31 on 21 November 1910, and he quickly distinguished himself in flying competitions on both sides of the Atlantic and started his own flying school. In his races he was ably supported by his friend Fred Sigrist, a former motor engineer. Among the people Sopwith taught to fly were an Australian, Harry Hawker, and Major Hugh Trenchard, who later became the "father" of the RAF.In 1912, depressed by the poor quality of the aircraft on trial for the British Army, Sopwith, in conjunction with Hawker and Sigrist, bought a skating rink in Kingston-upon-Thames and, assisted by Fred Sigrist, started to design and build his first aircraft, the Sopwith Hybrid. He sold this to the Royal Navy in 1913, and the following year his aviation manufacturing company became the Sopwith Aviation Company Ltd. That year a seaplane version of his Sopwith Tabloid won the Schneider Trophy in the second running of this speed competition. During 1914–18, Sopwith concentrated on producing fighters (or "scouts" as they were then called), with the Pup, the Camel, the 1½ Strutter, the Snipe and the Sopwith Triplane proving among the best in the war. He also pioneered several ideas to make flying easier for the pilot, and in 1915 he patented his adjustable tailplane and his 1 ½ Strutter was the first aircraft to be fitted with air brakes. During the four years of the First World War, Sopwith Aviation designed thirty-two different aircraft types and produced over 16,000 aircraft.The end of the First World War brought recession to the aircraft industry and in 1920 Sopwith, like many others, put his company into receivership; none the less, he immediately launched a new, smaller company with Hawker, Sigrist and V.W.Eyre, which they called the H.G. Hawker Engineering Company Ltd to avoid any confusion with the former company. He began by producing cars and motor cycles under licence, but was determined to resume aircraft production. He suffered an early blow with the death of Hawker in an air crash in 1921, but soon began supplying aircraft to the Royal Air Force again. In this he was much helped by taking on a new designer, Sydney Camm, in 1923, and during the next decade they produced a number of military aircraft types, of which the Hart light bomber and the Fury fighter, the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h), were the best known. In the mid-1930s Sopwith began to build a large aviation empire, acquiring first the Gloster Aircraft Company and then, in quick succession, Armstrong-Whitworth, Armstrong-Siddeley Motors Ltd and its aero-engine counterpart, and A.V.Roe, which produced Avro aircraft. Under the umbrella of the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company (set up in 1935) these companies produced a series of outstanding aircraft, ranging from the Hawker Hurricane, through the Avro Lancaster to the Gloster Meteor, Britain's first in-service jet aircraft, and the Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Hunter. When Sopwith retired as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1963 at the age of 75, a prototype jump-jet (the P-1127) was being tested, later to become the Harrier, a for cry from the fragile biplanes of 1910.Sopwith also had a passion for yachting and came close to wresting the America's Cup from the USA in 1934 when sailing his yacht Endeavour, which incorporated a number of features years ahead of their time; his greatest regret was that he failed in his attempts to win this famous yachting trophy for Britain. After his retirement as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, he remained on the Board until 1978. The British aviation industry had been nationalized in April 1977, and Hawker Siddeley's aircraft interests merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to become British Aerospace (BAe). Nevertheless, by then the Group had built up a wide range of companies in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering, and its board conferred on Sopwith the title Founder and Life President.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1953. CBE 1918.Bibliography1961, "My first ten years in aviation", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (April) (a very informative and amusing paper).Further ReadingA.Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888– 1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens.B.Robertson, 1970, Sopwith. The Man and His Aircraft, London (a detailed publication giving plans of all the Sopwith aircraft).CM / JDSBiographical history of technology > Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch
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11 Media
The purpose of the media during the Estado Novo (1926-74) was to communicate official government policy. Therefore, the government strictly censored newspapers, magazines, and books. Radio and television broadcasting was in the hands of two state-owned companies: Radiodifusão Portuguesa (RDP) and Radiotelevisão Portuguesa (RTP). The first TV broadcasts aired in March 1957, and the official state visit of Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain to Portugal was featured. The only independent broadcasting company during the Estado Novo was the Catholic Church's Radio Renascença. Writers and journalists who violated the regime's guidelines were severely sanctioned. Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, censorship was relaxed somewhat, and writers were allowed to publish critical and controversial works without fear of punishment. Caetano attempted to "speak to the people" through television. Daily program content consisted of little more than government-controlled (and censored) news programs and dull documentaries.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, censorship was abolished. As the revolution veered leftward, some sectors of the media were seized by opponents of the views they expressed. The most famous case was the seizure of Radio Renascença by those who sought to bring it into line with the drift leftward. State ownership of the media was increased after 25 April 1974, when banks were nationalized because most banks owned at least one newspaper. As the Revolution moderated and as banking was privatized during the 1980s and 1990s, newspapers were also privatized.The history of two major Lisbon dailies illustrates recent cycles of Portuguese politics and pressures. O Século, a major Lisbon daily paper was founded in 1881 and was influenced by Republican, even Masonic ideas. When the first Republic began in 1910, the editorials of O Século defended the new system, but the economic and social turmoil disillusioned the paper's directors. In 1924, O Século, under publisher João Pereira da Rosa, called for political reform and opposed the Democratic Party, which monopolized elections and power in the Republic. This paper was one of the two most important daily papers, and it backed the military coup of 28 May 1926 and the emergent military dictatorship. Over the history of the Estado Novo, this paper remained somewhat to the left of the other major daily paper in Lisbon, Diário de Notícias, but in 1972 the paper suffered a severe financial crisis and was bought by a Lisbon banker. During the more chaotic times after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, O Século experienced its own time of turmoil, in which there was a split between workers and editors, firings, resignations, and financial trouble. After a series of financial problems and controversy over procommunist staff, the paper was suspended and then ceased publication in February 1977. In the 1990s, there was a brief but unsuccessful attempt to revive O Século.Today, the daily paper with the largest circulation is Diário de Notícias of Lisbon, which was established in 1883. It became the major daily paper of record, but after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, like O Século, the paper suffered difficulties, both political and financial. One of its editors in the "hot" summer of 1975 was José Saramago, future Nobel Prize winner in literature, and there was an internal battle in the editorial rooms between factions. The paper was, like O Século, nationalized in 1976, but in 1991, Diário de Notícias was reprivatized and today it continues to be the daily paper of record, leading daily circulation.Currently, about 20 daily newspapers are published in Portugal, in Lisbon, the capital, as well as in the principal cities of Oporto, Coimbra, and Évora. The major Lisbon newspapers are Diário de Notícias (daily and newspaper of record), Publico (daily), Correia da Manha (daily), Jornal de Noticias (daily), Expresso (weekly), The Portugal News (English language weekly), The Resident (English language weekly), and Get Real Weekly (English language).These papers range from the excellent, such as Público and the Diário de Notícias, to the sensationalistic, such as Correio da Manhã. Portugal's premier weekly newspaper is Expresso, founded by Francisco Balsemão during the last years of Marcello Caetano's governance, whose modern format, spirit, and muted criticism of the regime helped prepare public opinion for regime change in 1974. Another weekly is O Independente, founded in 1988, which specializes in political satire. In addition to these newspapers, Portugal has a large number of newspapers and magazines published for a specific readership: sports fans, gardeners, farmers, boating enthusiasts, etc. In addition to the two state-owned TV channels, Portugal has two independent channels, one of which is operated by the Catholic Church. TV programming is now diverse and sophisticated, with a great variety of programs of both domestic and foreign content. The most popular TV programs have been soap operas and serialized novels ( telenovelas) imported from Brazil. In the 1990s, Portugal attempted to produce its own telenovelas and soap operas, but these have not been as popular as the more exotic Brazilian imports. -
12 Staatsbetrieb
Staatsbetrieb m GEN, WIWI government enterprise, public enterprise, publicly owned company, state-owned enterprise* * *m <Geschäft, Vw> government enterprise, public enterprise, publicly owned company, state-owned enterprise* * *Staatsbetrieb
public business (ownership, US), state (government-owned, government) enterprise (corporation), nationalized undertaking (Br.), state-owned industry, government-operated plant, public (governmental) undertaking, government corporation, state-run company, publicly-owned enterprise (corporation) (US) -
13 ownership of companies
Gen Mgtthe possession of shares in companies. Company ownership structures can differ widely. Owners of public companies may be institutions, or individuals, or a mixture of both. Directors are often offered company shares as incentives and more participative companies may offer shares to employees through employee ownership plans. Private companies are usually owned by individuals, families, or groups of individual shareholders. Nationalized industries are publicly owned. Cooperatives are wholly owned by employees. A separation between the ownership and control of companies became a widely discussed issue during the 20th century, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom where shareholders have tended to be more passive. Managers were viewed as having come to occupy controlling positions as the scale of industry grew. From the 1980s, this position changed to some extent as privatization, management buyouts, restructuring, and share incentive schemes led to greater share ownership among managers and produced less passive shareholders. -
14 Blériot, Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 1 July 1872 Cambrai, Franced. 2 August 1936 Paris, France[br]French aircraft manufacturer and pilot who in 1909 made the first flight across the English Channel in an aeroplane.[br]Having made a fortune with his patented automobile lamp, Blériot started experimenting with model aircraft in about 1900. He tried a flapping-wing layout which, surprisingly, did fly, but a full-size version was a failure. Blériot tried out a wide variety of designs: a biplane float-glider built with Gabriel Voisin; a powered float-plane with ellipsoidal biplane wings; a canard (tail-first) monoplane; a tandem monoplane; and in 1907 a monoplane of conventional layout. This last was not an immediate success, but it led to the Type XI in which Blériot made history by flying from France to England on 25 July 1909.Without a doubt, Blériot was an accomplished pilot and a successful manufacturer of aircraft, but he sometimes employed others as designers (a fact not made known at the time). It is now accepted that much of the credit for the design of the Type XI should go to Raymond Saulnier, who later made his name with the Morane-Saulnier Company.Blériot-Aéronautique became one of the leading manufacturers of aircraft and by the outbreak of war in 1914 some eight hundred aircraft had been produced. By 1918, aircraft were being built at the rate of eighteen per day. The Blériot company continued to produce aircraft until it was nationalized in 1937.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCommandeur de la Légion d'honneur. Daily Mail £1,000 prize for the first cross-Channel aeroplane flight.Further ReadingC.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (contains a list of all Blériot's early aircraft).J.Stroud, 1966, European Transport Aircraft since 1920, London (for information about Blériot's later aircraft).For information relating to the cross-Channel flight, see: C.Fontaine, 1913, Comment Blériota traversé la, Manche, Paris.T.D.Crouch, 1982, Blériot XI, the Story of a Classic Aircraft, Washington, DC: National Air \& Space Museum.JDS -
15 Farman, Henri
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 26 May 1874 Paris, Franced. 17 July 1958 Paris, France[br]French aeroplane designer who modified Voisin biplanes and later, with his brother Maurice (b. 21 March 1877 Paris, France; d. 26 February 1964 Paris, France), created a major aircraft-manufacturing company.[br]The parents of Henri and Maurice Farman were British subjects living in Paris, but their sons lived all their lives in France and became French citizens. As young men, both became involved in cycle and automobile racing. Henri (or Henry—he used both versions) turned his attention to aviation in 1907 when he bought a biplane from Gabriel Voisin. Within a short time he had established himself as one of the leading pilots in Europe, with many record-breaking flights to his credit. Farman modified the Voisin with his own improvements, including ailerons, and then in 1909 he designed the first Farman biplane. This became the most popular biplane in Europe from the autumn of 1909 until well into 1911 and is one of the classic aeroplanes of history. Meanwhile, Maurice Farman had also begun to design and build biplanes; his first design of 1909 was not a great success but from it evolved two robust biplanes nicknamed the "Longhorn" and the "Shorthorn", so called because of their undercarriage skids. In 1912 the brothers joined forces and set up a very large factory at Billancourt. The "Longhorn" and "Shorthorn" became the standard training aircraft in France and Britain during the early years of the First World War. The Farman brothers went on to produce a number of other wartime designs, including a large bomber. After the war the Farmans produced a series of large airliners which played a key role in establishing France as a major airline operator. Most famous of these was the Goliath, a twin-engined biplane capable of carrying up to twelve passengers. This was produced from 1918 to 1929 and was used by many airlines, including the Farman Line. The brothers retired when their company was nationalized in 1937.[br]Bibliography1910, The Aviator's Companion, London (with his brother Dick Farman).Further ReadingM.Farman, 1901, 3,000 kilomètres en ballon, Paris (an account of several balloon flights from 1894 to 1900).J.Liron, 1984, Les Avions Farman, Paris (provides comprehensive descriptions of all Farman aircraft).Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I, 1990, London (reprint) (gives details of all early Farman aircraft).J.Stroud, 1966, European Aircraft since 1910, London (provides details about Farman air-liners).JDS -
16 Short, Hugh Oswald
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 16 January 1883 Derbyshire, Englandd. 4 December 1969 Haslemere, England[br]English co-founder, with his brothers Horace Short (1872–1917) and Eustace (1875–1932), of the first company to design and build aeroplanes in Britain.[br]Oswald Short trained as an engineer; he was largely self-taught but was assisted by his brothers Eustace and Horace. In 1898 Eustace and the young Oswald set up a balloon business, building their first balloon in 1901. Two years later they sold observation balloons to the Government of India, and further orders followed. Meanwhile, in 1906 Horace designed a high-altitude balloon with a spherical pressurized gondola, an idea later used by Auguste Piccard, in 1931. Horace, a strange genius with a dominating character, joined his younger brothers in 1908 to found Short Brothers. Their first design, based on the Wright Flyer, was a limited success, but No. 2 won a Daily Mail prize of £1,000. In the same year, 1909, the Wright brothers chose Shorts to build six of their new Model A biplanes. Still using the basic Wright layout, Horace designed the world's first twin-engined aeroplane to fly successfully: it had one engine forward of the pilot, and one aft. During the years before the First World War the Shorts turned to tractor biplanes and specialized in floatplanes for the Admiralty.Oswald established a seaplane factory at Rochester, Kent, during 1913–14, and an airship works at Cardington, Bedfordshire, in 1916. Short Brothers went on to build the rigid airship R 32, which was completed in 1919. Unfortunately, Horace died in 1917, which threw a greater responsibility onto Oswald, who became the main innovator. He introduced the use of aluminium alloys combined with a smooth "stressed-skin" construction (unlike Junkers, who used corrugated skins). His sleek biplane the Silver Streak flew in 1920, well ahead of its time, but official support was not forthcoming. Oswald Short struggled on, trying to introduce his all-metal construction, especially for flying boats. He eventually succeeded with the biplane Singapore, of 1926, which had an all-metal hull. The prototype was used by Sir Alan Cobham for his flight round Africa. Several successful all-metal flying boats followed, including the Empire flying boats (1936) and the ubiquitous Sunderland (1937). The Stirling bomber (1939) was derived from the Sunderland. The company was nationalized in 1942 and Oswald Short retired the following year.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. Freeman of the City of London. Oswald Short turned down an MBE in 1919 as he felt it did not reflect the achievements of the Short Brothers.Bibliography1966, "Aircraft with stressed skin metal construction", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (November) (an account of the problems with patents and officialdom).Further ReadingC.H.Barnes, 1967, Shorts Aircraft since 1900, London; reprinted 1989 (a detailed account of the work of the Short brothers).JDS -
17 государственное предприятие
1) General subject: national enterprise, state-run enterprise, public factory, publicly-owned factory2) Engineering: state owned enterprise3) Law: (2)(США) public corporation (http://www.teachmefinance.com/Financial_Terms/public_corporation.html)4) Economy: SOE ( State Owned Enterprise), government enterprise, governmental enterprise, public enterprise, public undertaking, publicly-owned enterprise, publicly-owned establishment, publicly-owned the, state enterprise, state-owned enterprise, State Company, ГП5) Accounting: government establishment, government-owned establishment6) Diplomatic term: government( - owned) establishment, state (-owned) enterprise7) Sociology: nationalized enterprise8) Business: state trading enterprise, state venture9) EBRD: public enterprise (ГП), state enterprise (ГП), state-owned enterprise (SOE; ГП)10) Makarov: state undertakingУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > государственное предприятие
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18 Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft
DEFA f; -, kein pl; abk (Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft) HIST nationalized East German film companyDeutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft
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19 Staatsbeauftragter
Staatsbeauftragter
public agent, appointee of the government, Royal Commissioner (Br.);
• Staatsbediensteter government employee (US), person holding office under Her Majesty (Br.);
• Staatsbehörde [governmental] authority, governmental agency;
• Staatsbeihilfe governmental grant (assistance), state grant;
• Staatsbesitz government property, state property (ownership);
• in Staatsbesitz überführen to transfer to state ownership, to nationalize (Br.);
• Staatsbesuch state visit;
• Staatsbeteiligungen an Aktiengesellschaften government equity shareholdings;
• Staatsbetrieb public business (ownership, US), state (government-owned, government) enterprise (corporation), nationalized undertaking (Br.), state-owned industry, government-operated plant, public (governmental) undertaking, government corporation, state-run company, publicly-owned enterprise (corporation) (US);
• nicht mit Finanzierungsaufgaben befasster Staatsbetrieb non-financial public enterprise;
• Staatsbudget national budget. -
20 nationalisable
nationalisable nf Fin company that could be nationalized in the near future.
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